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山洪爆发:定义、风险和发生方式 - Practical Tips

山洪爆发:定义、风险和发生方式

by Flo

山洪通常是由短时间内的强降雨造成的。它们来得非常突然,对人们来说特别危险,因为它们会席卷一切,而且发生得出乎意料

山洪是如何发生的?简单解释

山洪暴发是指水量过多,下游水系和地面无法再吸收任何水量。

  • 山洪爆发通常是由于在很短的时间内突然降下高强度的暴雨。这很快就会成为一种危险,尤其是在通常干燥的地区。
  • 这是由于暴雨导致水位上升造成的。地面在短时间内变得饱和,导致水从地表流出,并以不断上升的洪水波席卷一切。
  • 与其他类型的洪水相比,山洪也可能在远离水体的地方发生。它们通常发生在局部地区,袭击小水体。

洪水和风暴潮

洪水是指水体超过一定临界值的情况。

  •  在河流洪水中,造成破坏的不是洪水,而是长时间的积水和污染物造成的污染。受灾地区通常很大。洪水持续时间从几天到几周不等。原因通常是暴雨,暴雨会导致洪水泛滥。
  •  除此以外,土壤和植被也决定了洪水的影响。饱和、冻结甚至密封的土壤(如水泥)无法吸收水分,这意味着过多的水会过快地汇集到河道中,进而漫过河岸。人类也会对洪水潜势产生影响。例如,定居点有利于洪水泛滥。面临风险的地区主要是靠近河流的地区。
  • 另一方面,风暴潮则出现在沿海地区。在这里,强风或风暴会将海水带入陆地,掀起巨浪,导致水位上升,陆地被淹没。此外,还可能出现所谓的春潮,即由于太阳-地球-月亮星座的影响,涨潮和落潮都比平时强烈。

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